J. R. R. Tolkien Tarafından Oluşturulan Yapay Diller

J. R. R. Tolkien tarafından oluşturulan yapay diller, bir yapay dil dizisidir. Bu kurgusal dillerin hepsi olmasa da birçoğu, genelde Orta Dünya olarak adlandırılan Tolkien'in Kurgusal evren'i için yaratılmştır. Bu diller The Hobbit adlı eserinde Elrond veya Bolg şeklinde birkaç adda, Yüzüklerin Efendisi adlı eserinde kimi adlar için (Galadriel, Aragorn gibi) ve kimi şiirlerde ("Namárië") ve Silmarillion adlı eserinde neredeyse tüm isimlerde ek olarak eserin adının kendisi için ve birkaç cümle halinde kullanılmıştır. Tolkien mektuplarından birinde şöyle yazmıştır : "eserlerimle ilgili olarak düşündüğüm temel unsur, benzer biçimde ve temel olarak dilbilimlik bir esine iye olmalarıdır. . . Bu bir ‘hobi’ değildir, başka birinin çalışmasından epeyce farklı olması açısından, bir mecra arayışı olarak ele alınmıştır. Dillerin icadı temel teşkil eder. Dillerin öyküler için oluşturulmasından ziyade, ‘öyküler’ bu dillere bir dünya sağlamak amacıyla yazılmıştır. Bana göre, önce bir ad gelir ve ardından onu öyküsü izler. ‘Elfçe’ yazmayı yeğlemeliydim. Ama tabii ki, Yüzüklerin Efendisi gibi bir eser düzenlenirken, içerisinde okuyucuların ancak sindirebileceğini düşündüğüm kadar ‘dil’ örneği bırakıldı. (Şimdi, çoğu kişinin daha fazlasından hoşlanabileceğini görüyorum.) . . Her halükarda, bana kimi zaman ‘tüm bunlar ne hakkında’ diye soranlara cevabım, bana göre büyük ölçüde ‘dilbilimlik estetik’ ile ilgili bir deneme olduğudur." Tolkien tarafından oluşturulan yapay dillerin listesi Tolkien, dil mucitlerinin en meşhur ve üretken olanlarından birisidir. Değişken derinliğe iye, bir dil bilgisi ve söz varlığı olan yirmiden fazla dil oluşturdu. Bu dillerin tam sayısının bilinmemesinin yanı sıra, pek çok dilbilimlik makalesi hala yayınlanmamıştır.

Tolkien'in kurgusal evreninde kullanılan yapay diller

* Elf Dilleri ailesi ata-dil olarak adlandırılan bir ortak atadan (Primitive Quendian) türeyen bir dil öbeğidir. Dil ailesi 1910 yılında oluşturulmuş, Tolkien 1973 yılında ölene kadar üzerinde çalışmaya devam etmiştir. En az on beş Elfçe dil ve lehçenin dil bilgisi ve söz varlığını oluşturdu: Primitive Quendian ata-dil, Common Eldarin, Quenya, Goldogrin, Telerin, Sindarin, Ilkorin, Nandorin, Avarin. * Orta Dünyadaki İnsan Dilleri bir çoktu, ama Tolkien çoğunu zikretmekle yetinmiştir. Söz varlığı ve dil bilgileriyle en az üç dil geliştirmiştir: Taliska, Adunaic ve Soval Pharë ('Ortak Dil'). İngilizce Westron olarak adlandırılan bu dil, Üçüncü Çağ'da Hobbitler ve İnsanlar tarafından konuşuluyordu. Daha az geliştirilen diğer insancıl diller: Dalish, Rohirric (Anglo-Saxon'larca temsil edilir), Rhovanion (Got'larca temsil edilir), Haladin, Dunlendish, Drug, Haradrim, ve Easterling. * Cücelerin gizli dili: Khuzdul. Aynı zamanda Iglishmêk olarak adlandırılan bir İşaret dili kullanıyorlardı. * Ent dili: Entish. * Valar dili: Valarin. * Birinci Çağ'da Morgoth tarafından yaratılan Orkın dili * Sauron tarafından kendi imparatorluğu için yaratılan Kara Dil. * Üçüncü Çağ'da Ork'ların kullandığı birçok dil. (Genelde Kara Dil ve diğer dillerin sözlerinin bayağılaştırılmış, karma biçimlerinden oluşan diller)

Diğer yapay diller

#Naffarin tamamen Tolkien tarafından oluşturulan ilk yapay dildir. #Gautisk Tolkien tarafından Undarhruiménitupp olarak adlandırılan "kaydedilmemiş" Germanik dil. #Mágo/Mágol Macarca temelli bir dil. Glossopoeia Glossopoeia
J. R. R. Tolkien tarafından türetilmiş bir terimdir. Günümüzde yapay dil oluşturma (genel olarak artistik dillerin) manasında kullanılmaktadır, Tolkien's glossopoeia has two temporal dimensions: the internal (fictional) timeline of events described in the Silmarillion and other writings, and the external timeline of Tolkien's own life during which he continually revised and refined his languages and their fictional history. He was a professional philologist of ancient Germanic languages, specialising in Old English. He was also interested in many languages outside his field, and developed a particular love for the Finnish language. He described the finding of a Finnish grammar book as "entering a complete wine-cellar filled with bottles of an amazing wine of a kind and flavour never tasted before".

Glossopoeia

was Tolkien's hobby for most of his life. At a little over thirteen he helped construct a sound substitution cypher known as Nevbosh, 'new nonsense', which grew to include some elements of actual invented language. Notably, Tolkien claimed that this was not his first effort in invented languages. Shortly thereafter he developed a true invented language called Naffarin which contained elements that would survive into his later languages, which he continued to work on until his death more than sixty-five years later. Language invention had always been tightly connected to the mythology that Tolkien developed, as he found that a language could not be complete without the history of the people who spoke it, just as these people could never be fully realistic if imagined only through the English language and as speaking English. Tolkien therefore took the stance of a translator and adaptor rather than that of the original author of his works. In the Lord of the Rings, he adopted the literary device of claiming to have translated the original Sôval Pharë speech (or Westron as he called it) into English. This device of rendering an imaginary language with a real one was carried further, rendering Rohirric the language of Rohan, related to Sôval Phare, by Old English, and names in the tongue of Dale by Old Norse forms, and names of the Kingdom of Rhovanion by Gothic forms, thus mapping the genetic relation of his fictional languages on the existing historical relations of the Germanic languages. Furthermore, to parallel the Celtic substratum in England, he used Old Welsh names to render the Dunlendish names of Buckland Hobbits (e.g., Meriadoc for Kalimac). A natural consequence of this was that these "new" constructed languages had to be worked out by Tolkien in some details. Although the Elvish languages Sindarin and Quenya are the most famous and the most developed of the languages that Tolkien invented for his Secondary World, they are by no means the only ones. They belong to a family of Elvish languages, that originate in Common Eldarin, the language common to all Eldar, which in turn originates in Primitive Quendian, the common root of Eldarin and Avari languages. In addition to that, there is a separate language family that is spoken by Men, the most prominent member of which was Westron (derived from the Númenórean speech Adunaic), the "Common speech" of the peoples of The Lord of the Rings. Most Mannish tongues showed influences by Elvish, as well as some Dwarvish influences. Several independent languages were drafted as well, an example being Khuzdul, the language of the Dwarves. Other languages are Valarin (the tongue of the Valar), and the Black Speech created by Sauron in the Second Age. Finnish morphology (particularly its rich system of inflection) in part gave rise to Quenya. Another of Tolkien's favourites was Welsh, and features of Welsh phonology found their way into Sindarin. Very few words were borrowed from existing languages, so that attempts to match a source to a particular Elvish word or name in works published during his lifetime are often very dubious. Yapay alfabeler Tolkien not only invented many languages but also scripts. He was a talented penman. Some of his scripts were designed for use with his constructed languages, others for more practical ends: to be used in his personal diary, and one especially for English, the New English Alphabet.

Tolkien tarafından icat edilen alfabelerin listesi

Kronolojik sırayla: # Rúmil'in Tengwar'ı ya da Sarati # Gondolinic Runlar (Gondolin kentinde kullanılan runlar) # Valmaric Yazı # Andyoqenya # Qenyatic # Yeni İngilizce alfabesi # "Goblin alfabe"si (The Father Christmas Letters de) # Fëanor'un Tengwar'ı # Daeron'un Cirth'i Tepkiler ve çalışmalar Like constructed languages in general, the study of Tolkien's languages is not typically undertaken by mainstream linguists. A small number of people have worked on compiling histories and grammars of the Elvish languages. The first serious book dedicated to the Elvish languages was An Introduction to Elvish edited by Jim Allan (published by Bran's Head Books). It is composed of articles written before the publication of The Silmarillion. David Salo wrote A Gateway to Sindarin: A Grammar of an Elvish Language from J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings (University of Utah Press). A few fanzines were dedicated to the subject, like Tyalie Tyelellieva published by Lisa Star, and Quettar, the Bulletin of the Linguistic Fellowship of The Tolkien Society, published by Julian C. Bradfield. Tengwestië is an online publication of the Elvish Linguistic Fellowship. Two journals — Vinyar Tengwar, from issue 39 (July 1998), and Parma Eldalamberon, from issue 11 (1995) — are today exclusively devoted to the editing and publishing of J.R.R. Tolkien's gigantic mass of unpublished linguistic papers. These are published at a pace considered by many to be excessively slow. The editors have not published a comprehensive catalogue of the unpublished linguistic papers they are working on. Even more disturbing for some is the severe restriction of access to the unpublished documents. These papers were not published by Christopher Tolkien in "The History of Middle-earth". Almost each year, new-found words of the Elvish languages are published and the grammar rules of these languages are disclosed. Internet mailing lists dedicated to Tolkien's constructed languages include Tolklang, Elfling and Lambengolmor. Ayıca bakınız * Elfcon * Elvish languages Kaynakça ;Citations ;General references *C. F. Hostetter, Tolkienian Linguistics: The First Fifty Years, Tolkien Studies 4 (2007). *

Dış bağlantılar

* The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship: Publishes the journals Parma Eldalamberon, Tengwestië, and Vinyar Tengwar * The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship's Tolkienian Linguistics FAQ * The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship's Resources for Tolkienian Linguistics * The Tolkien language mailing list Middle-earth

Kaynaklar

Vikipedi

J. R. R. Tolkien Tarafından Oluşturulan Yapay Diller